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Do We Have to Choose?

vonzastrowc's picture

The argument about 21st-century skills is heating up, with critics issuing a volley of op-eds and press releases warning against a disastrous retreat from academic content knowledge. In the hands of the national media, this debate might well amplify the phony opposition between knowledge and skills--and that's bad news for everyone.

The debate itself is substantive and complex. After all, the relationship between knowledge and skills is hardly simple, and that fact has profound implications for teaching and learning.

Unfortunately, many national commentators on education don't have much stomach for nuance, so we should probably brace ourselves for some well-worn caricatures. Any defender of content knowledge will be a soulless drone who traffics in facts the way a hardware salesman traffics in bolts or hinges. Any 21st-century skills proponent will be a wild-eyed revolutionary who yearns to toss centuries of human knowledge onto the bonfires.

Some of these caricatures are already appearing in editorial pages of major newspapers. That's too bad, because they risk derailing important conversations about instruction and assessment. Blogger Andy Rotherham (who has indulged in some of this caricature himself) shares the critics’ skepticism. But he also gently cautions readers against minimizing "the importance of making sure teachers can teach in ways that engage students and provide higher level opportunities for them to demonstrate what they know."

So much of the 21st-century skills debate has the potential to degenerate into distracting either/or arguments.

Take, for example, the issue of transferable skills. Critics of twenty-first century skills argue, quite reasonably, that such skills are not "all-purpose muscles" that are effective in any content domain. The critical thinking skills I nurtured in humanities classes will not help me figure out why my car stalls when I step on the brakes, because I don't know the first thing about cars. Critical thinking skills depend on content knowledge.

Still, let's hope our more literal-minded commentators don't make the argument that skills are not transferable--period. That argument can actually do damage. Will communications skills I developed writing English papers about John Donne abandon me utterly in the field of social science? Will spatial reasoning skills nurtured in art class necessarily fail me in geometry? Will critical faculties I developed analyzing literature prove useless if I turn my attention to history? How depressing!

We can probably kiss crucial subjects like history, literature and art goodbye if we can't make any case for transferable skills. Especially in times of economic distress, the people who hold the purse strings will likely be unmoved by the inherent beauty and value of such content areas.

So, are skills perfectly transferable or not at all transferable? Should we teach knowledge, or should we teach skills? Let's hope no one forces us to choose.

I fear that this is just a

I fear that this is just a relabeling for the attempt of some to concentrate on easily testable skills in math and science and to a leeser extent technology such as computers. In an increasingly interconnected world one would think some knowledge about different cultures might be part of the mix, but so far I do not see that as part of the discussion. Thus we remain horribly ignorant of the culture, history, and religion of much of the world, which leads to our totally misunderstanding how and why people in other nations act and react as they do to the actions of our nation. I am not sure that there is really such a great difference in this relatively new century. Heck, to a large degree we are still teaching 19th century skills, even if the content to which they are applied has advanced some in the intervening years. But then, maybe my reaction is colored by my own life. I am 62, going on 63. I have worked in the computer industry. I have traveled to other nations, both for work and on my own. I have lived for at least a month at a time in a very different environment, a Greek-speaking monastery on Mount Athos. Much of my life has been spent in environs that are multicultural. And I have wandered through a variety of religions on my own, even as at different times I have been in the Village during the heart of the Hippy era, served in the Marines, been active in politics, and been on the edge of homelessness myself. I came to teaching relatively late, in the midst of the madness of he so-called "reform" movements imposed upon our schools. There is much wrong with our schools, but our approach towards fixing them has proven so idiotic and destructive that at times I am ready to give up in total frustration. So consider all that as context as you read my reaction to Claus's post, and to the subject at hand. Peace. teacherken aka Ken Bernstein

Thanks for a

Thanks for a thought-provoking read.

I, too, have been curious about the recent spate of articles claiming there is no such thing as 21st century learning skills. I agree with Ken: whenever a group of writers or thinkers climbs on a bandwagon, the relevant question is Cui Bono?--Who benefits?

If trends in ed policy thought around instruction and measurement took a turn toward collaboration, innovation, creativity, synthesis, evaluation or global awareness, a lot of the infrastructure of the growing testing industry would be threatened. That infrastructure includes standardized curricula, measurement benchmarks, assessments and data management systems--all things that districts, states and the USDOE, plus a range of nonprofits and publishers, have invested heavily in, over the past 6 or 7 years. Re-tooling would be expensive. Much easier to write blogs scoffing at rhetoric around 21st century learning.

I have *never* seen anyone who seriously researches, writes or thinks about the future of teaching and learning who believes that content knowledge is unimportant. It's a straw man. Yet another straw man.

Thank you for your comments,

Thank you for your comments, Ken and Nancy.

My biggest concern is what happens to a substantive and meaningful debate among thoughtful people when it gets taken up and repeated by people who are less thoughtful or who have political axes to grind.

I'm bracing myself for the time when the media take up compelling and complex arguments on both sides of the debate and turn them into sound bites--which has happened in so many other areas of school reform. When that happens, rational discussion will become all the more difficult.  

AMEN! Research and test

AMEN!

Research and test results show that when a child is presented with core curricular material integrated with a project-based approach, the student learns more.

Today's student needs to see the relevance of what she or he is trying to learn. Therefore, Career & Technology Education classes are instructed to integrate "core" subjects in their lesson plans. Why, to show the relevancy of why they have to learn a particular subject.

Our CAD and Multimedia classes use a lot of algebra and geometry. Our Business classes use math and English composition skills.

All of our CTE classes touch on DIVERSE periods of history and culture. However, one thing said before IS a certainty: The people who produce "standardized" tests and rigidly structured curricula ARE going to lose money!!!

You cannot teach geometry by teaching only to a particular test! AND, results of tests only show an individual's ability on a certain test, certain subject on a certain day. How much of that "test" knowledge can they transfer to useful problem solving, the generation of original thought, or utilization of critical thinking skills?

Before you create a

Before you create a caricature of me, I urge you to get your facts straight. In response to my Op-Ed titled "A repackaged education proposal" in the Globe on February 14, Linda Darling-Hammond (letter to the editor on February 20) chose to mischaracterize me as someone who thinks teaching and learning skills and content are mutually exclusive in order to set up a straw man and evade my major point on state policy. I urged Massachusetts to emphasize content, not process skills, in state standards and assessment. In contrast, Darling-Hammond would like states to eliminate state-wide objective accountability measures and in their place mandate teachers use project-based learning type strategies in all classrooms. (See her December, 2008 in Phi Delta Kappan, which was distributed at the request of a Board member to all MA State Board members in January.) I contend that this would be a step backward for Massachusetts. Specifically, my op-ed provided data from different states that have focused on process skills (now often called "21st century skills") and showed how those states’ student performance in content areas significantly declined. Darling-Hammond's response completely ignored those data. Instead, she proposed that there is no harm in assessing content and process skills together. But, she offers no data to support that claim. Why? Perhaps because she knows that education researchers haven’t sufficiently studied teaching and assessing process skills in order to determine what happens to content learning when they are assessed together. In fact, because there is so little research, Darling-Hammond wants to establish a center to investigate performance-based assessments.
Finally, her use of E.D. Hirsch's schools as an example of how "combining" content and process skills can work, misuses their excellent results. Core Knowledge schools focus their assessment on core content knowledge--and Core knowledge folks happily point out that they encourage their teachers to use of a variety of teaching strategies (not just project based learning as she implied). Which actually makes my point. Have rigorous content-based standards measured by fair and consistent assessments and allow teachers to teach. Darling-Hammond attempts to discredit my cautionary statements via name-calling and creating a straw man, a significant clue to the weakness of her argument. And you have reinforced this silliness.
The issue is about what state POLICY should be and what should be measured for accountability purposes.
Sincerely,
Kathleen Madigan

Nancy: It IS important to ask

Nancy:
It IS important to ask who benefits. But ask it on both sides. What about the proponents of P21? Almost all P21 supporters are technology and professional development providers. They would have huge $ gains (in some states those funds have already started flowing to these providers). The testing industry is heavily invested in P21 and the current models--so they have hedged their bets. NEA would have tons to gain. Teachers would need to retool. Collective bargaining agreements would need to be reopened to determine new teacher evaluation measures, professional development requirements, etc. which increases the "value-added" of NEA. Plus, NEA is a huge provider of professional development--big bucks there.
Kathy
BTW: I am research scientist; a former teacher, principal and professor of ed, not a blogger and I hope not an unthoughtful person.

Dr. Madigan, I think your

Dr. Madigan,

I think your argument is loaded. Wouldn't it be hard to provide school-based evidence for 21st century skills when the assessments being used are so heavily focused on a content approach? More importantly, you say all of these companies are technology providers and stand to gain a lot from an emphasis on skills. Who do you think is hiring our school graduates for with decent pay? And do you think that the skills these companies are asking for are not needed in a global economy where blue collar jobs are shipping at unprencedented rates overseas? More importantly, what good is for a student to know the capitals of all American states if they can't be critical enough to question the motives of their own public officials?

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